![]() ![]() Therefore, it is necessary to further develop remediation strategies for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency in metal contaminated soils. Nevertheless, the growth and biomass of the plant decrease with the increase of heavy metal stress, which reduces its phytoremediation potential in metal-contaminated soils (Bursztyn Fuentes et al., 2018). It gains popularity in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils because of its large biomass, high metal tolerance and accumulating capacity, and strong and deep rooting system (Palanivel et al., 2020 Yeboah et al., 2020). belonging to the family Euphorbiaceace is widely cultivated in many countries as a non-edible oilseed crop. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to remediate harmful heavy metals from contaminated soils (Nawrot et al., 2021). Heavy metal pollution in soils has become a major environmental challenge duo to its high toxicity, non-biodegradability, and biological enrichment in the food chains (Cardoso et al., 2017). ![]() The results suggested that fungal community analysis-guided isolation could be employed to obtain desired root-associated fungi for enhancing phytoremediation of multi-metal contaminated soils. F14 inoculation in Cd-, Pb- and Zn-contaminated soils were significantly higher than those without the inoculation. Biomass and metal extraction amount of R. roots showed high resistances to multi-metals and possessed growth-promoting characteristics. The fungal ITS amplicon sequencing analysis indicated that the fungal community in root endosphere was more susceptible to heavy metals than those in rhizoplane and rhizosphere soils and Fusarium dominated the endophytic fungal community of R. in heavy metal contaminated soils and non-heavy metal contaminated soils were compared by ITS amplicon sequencing, and then the critical fungal strains were isolated and inoculated into host plants to improve phytoremediation efficiency in Cd, Pb, and Zn-contaminated soils. To isolate root-associated fungi for improving phytoremediation efficiency in multi-metal contaminated soils, the fungal flora in root endosphere, rhizoplane, rhizosphere of Ricinus communis L. Nevertheless, the remediation efficiency in multi-metal contaminated soils is still unsatisfactory attributable to susceptibility to different metals. ![]() Phytoremediation is a widely accepted bioremediation method of treating heavy metal contaminated soils. ![]()
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